the healthiest honey in the world: strawberry tree honey

What is strawberry tree honey?

“What is strawberry tree honey” is a question I hear a lot lately. The answer is simple: probably the healthiest and surely the most bitter honey in the world.

If it is very difficult to say which honey is the best, the healthiest or the sweetest, but we can definitely say which one is the most bitter: Strawberry tree honey aka Arbutus honey. Some people say we shouldn’t even call it honey – it would be a contradiction to the very definition of it. But beyond its health recommendations, there are people who enjoy it a lot, comparing it to dark chocolate and single malt whiskey.

Arbutus unedo L, known as Strawberry Tree

aka Cane apple or Strawberry tree (English), Arbousier (French), Corbezzolo (Italian), Erdbeerbaum (German), Madroño (Spanish), Lännenmansi (Finnish)

Arbutus is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the genus Arbutus, family Ericaceae, native to the warm temperate Mediterranean region and western Europe, north to western France and Ireland.
We can find it in: Portugal, Spain and southeastern France; southward in Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia, and eastward in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria and Israel. It is also found in western France, Albania, Bulgaria and southwestern Ireland.

In Ireland it is known as either “Irish strawberry tree”, or cain or cane apple (from the Irish name for the tree, caithne), or sometimes Killarney strawberry tree.

where to find strawberry tree                                            Arbutus range – picture by Giovanni Caudullo

Arbutus is a genus with 12 accepted species, separated in 2 groups.
One including species from the Mediterranean Basin and one from the western North America.

Arbutus unedo, from which this honey is made (from Mediterranean Basin, western France, and western Ireland) is closely related to the Mediterranean Basin species such as A. andrachne aka Greek strawberry tree (from Southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia) and A. canariensis aka Canary madrone (from Canary Islands).

The other group contains more species and hybrids (like Arbutus ‘Marina’ or Arbutus × andrachnoides).
– Arbutus menziesii, native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California;
– Arbutus arizonica, in New Mexico, Arizona and western Mexico south to Jalisco;
– Arbutus mollis Kunth (Mexico) and so on.

Characteristics of Arbutus unedo:

The tree: grows to 5–10 m (16–33 ft) tall, rarely up to 15 m (49 ft), with a trunk diameter of up to 80 cm (31 in). It grows mainly in winter, when it has a high rate of photosynthesis.

Leaves: dark green and glossy, 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) broad, with a serrated margin. The leaf extract contains several phenolic compounds, like tannins, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, and α-tocopherol and that’s why the leaves are used as astringent, diuretic, urinary antiseptic, antidiarrheal, and depurative and, also more recently, in the therapy of hypertension, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases.

how is strawberry tree honeyStrawberry tree branches, flowers and fruit – pictures by Ron Sipherd, Basotxerri and makamuki0 

Flowers: are hermaphrodite, white (rarely pale pink), bell-shaped, 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) diameter, produced produced in clusters (15–30 flowers) on red stems, in autumn. It blooms from September to December, possibly to April. The flowers are pollinated by bees, and have a mild sweet scent.

Pollen: large quantities (diam 60 μm), typical ericaceous, with compound pollen grain. Bees visit the flowers more for the nectar and less for the pollen.

Fruit: a red berry reminding of real strawberry, 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) diameter, with a rough surface. It matures in about 12 months, in autumn from August to November, at the same time as the next flowering. It is edible but sour – hence its latin name “unedo” – meaning “only one” referring to capacity of eating only one fruit. Yet, other people say the fruit is sweet when reddish, and tastes similar to a fig when fully mature.
The fruit is processed into traditional products such as alcoholic beverages, jams, jellies, and marmalades. They are known in folk medicine as antiseptic, diuretic, and laxative.

How is strawberry tree honey?

There are only several regions in the world with a strawberry tree population large enough to support honey production: central and southern Italy, mainly the island of Sardinia, but also Greece and Portugal and parts of the United Kingdom.

Due to its bitter taste it is produced in very reduced quantities. In Sardinia we can find highly appreciated strawberry tree honey, with market prices from 4 to 8 times higher than those of common sweet honey, probably because of its growing reputation as the healthiest honey in the world.
Portugal is also a producer, yet with less popularity.

All its characteristics depend a lot on the other nectar types and pollen harvested by the bees. Unifloral honey is not completely unifloral (honey bees are not so selective).
• In the study Physicochemical Parameters and Bioactive Compounds of Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Honey, by Pablo A. Ulloa et al. from Portugal and published in 2015, 31 pollen types were found in the strawberry tree honey samples presented.

Pollen from Echium plantagineum, Ceratonia siliqua, Cistaceae, Lavandula stoechas, Reseda luteola, and Citrus spp. types was present in all honey samples (86%). The mean pollen content of artubus was of 31.96%.
The study investigated strawberry tree honey from South Portugal.

Color: amber-colored when liquid and beige-brown when crystallized; depending on the region, species and weather, it may have different shades of caramel and cocoa brown, to very dark colors, even black.
Smell: intense, characteristic, ripe, and similar to that of coffee;
Aroma: marked and pungent, recalling ivy leaves, bitter herbs and cocoa beans.  A total of 28 aroma compounds have been identified, but only norisoprenoid compounds such as α-isophorone, β-isophorone and 4-oxoisophorone, have been recognized as specific floral origin markers of the strawberry-tree honey.
Taste: slightly sweet initially and decidedly bitter and astringent later;

Moisture content: 19.87%straberry tree honey compared to other honeys
pH: 4.52
Fructose: 37.6 ± 1.5 g/100g
Glucose: 32.7 ± 1.2 g/100g
Fructose/Glucose ratio: 1.15 ± 0.05
Diastase content: 4.6 ± 2.8 DN
Free Acidity: 35.1 ± 8.1 meq/kg
Electrical conductivity: 0.74 ± 0.10 mS/cm (this is an exception from the rules that states honeydew honey should have more than 0.8 mS/cm. Other exceptions: Banksia, Erica, Leptospermum (manuka), Melaleuca, Eucalyptus and Tiglia honeys and blends with them).

Total phenolic content:
– varies a lot from region to region: from 78.96 mg of GAE/100 g in Italian commercial strawberry tree honey to 117.6 in Portuguese strawberry tree.
how is strawberry tree honey
Homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) aka HGA is the most abundant phenolic compound in this type of honey, representing approximately 50–60% of total phenols, an average content of 378 +/- 92 mg/kg, providing an important contribution to the high antioxidant and antiradical activities of strawberry tree honey.
It has antioxidant, antiradical and protective effects, such as defensive actions against thermal cholesterol degradation;

The homogentisic acid can be used as a marker of strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo) honey, since it was not detected in any of the other monofloral honeys. Other complementary markers can be c,t-ABAt,t-ABA and unedone.

Total flavonoid content (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol and pinocembrin)
The south Portuguese strawberry tree honey had significantly lower flavonoid content than the other samples of unifloral honeys (from the same area): 5.33 mg QE/100 g

By comparison:
Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia):   6.73 mg QE/100 g
Savory (Satureja hortensis):     21.16 mg of QE/100 g
Rosemary:                               12.4 mg of catechin equivalents (CEs)/100 g of honey
Viper’s bugloss:                        34.3 mg of CEs/100 g of honey
Heather:                                  58.7 mg of CEs/100 g of honey

Yet, after a study made on strawberry tree honey samples from different regions of Sardinia, Italy, the flavonoid content had other concentrations:

Monti:         92.68 ± 14.17 mg CAE/kg
Luras:         69.96 ± 3.62 mg CAE/kg
Sadali:        65.74 ± 2.50 mg CAE/kg
Olbia:         66.18 ± 0.61 mg CAE/kg
Berchidda: 108.20 ± 2.69 mg CAE/kg

Flavonoids inhibit auto-oxidation reactions and have a scavenging effect on free radicals. Their concentrations in honey depend on various factors, including plant species used by bees, plant health, geographical origin, and climatic characteristics of the local production.

what is the flavonoid content of strawberry tree honey

Antioxidant activity – measured using DPPH assay.

The antioxidant capacity of strawberry tree honey showed values of 18.85 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant content (AEAC)/100 of honey and 9.92 mg of quercetin equivalent antioxidant content (QEAC)/100 g of honey. The values were similar to multifloral honey, Indian honeys,  raspberry honey, rape honey.

South Portugal Strawberry tree:   43.46%
North Portugal strawberry tree honey 64.2%
Acacia:             35.8% – 45.3%
Lime:                36.6% – 40.9%
Sunflower:        40.7% – 49.2%
Rhododendron: 54.05% (mean value)
Rosemary:        4.5% – 59.3%
Orange:            8.8% – 23.2%
Thyme:           35.8% – 47.3%
Eucalyptus:     27.7% (mean value)

Abbamele is a typical product originally from Sardinia island, obtained from the recuperation of this kind of honey from combs, with antioxidant activities comparable to those of well-known products such as red wines and vegetables.

Abbamele is made from the cooked must of honeycombs, after the honey has been extracted. It’s a great example of traditional peasant cooking: taking something “worthless” and turning it into a culinary treasure. It has a toasty flavor that has hints of coffee and caramel. Not too sweet, it’s good on cheese, fresh fruit or even drizzled on a plate of pasta.

Strawberry tree honey has the highest antioxidant activity, when compared with other kinds of honey such as: sulla, chestnut, chicory, dandelion, eucalyptus, citrus, and acacia. Or even manuka honey (study).

Read more about the Antioxidant properties of honey

Where can we find strawberry tree honey?

Apicoltura Cazzola Italy – Strawberry-Tree Honey available on Amazon.co.uk

It’s not easy to find it. As it is not the regular sweet aromatic honey we are used to. It attracts more and more buyers due to its prestige as the healthiest of all honeys, surpassing manuka or gelam honeys. We take it as medicine and not as food. At least some of us…

We can find strawberry honey if we go to Sardinia, Italy, as there are some serious producers there, selling it at high prices. The best strawberry tree honey comes from Berchidda region, Sardinia, Italy. 

Don’t be surprised if you taste a jar of honey from Greece and its taste is different than a jar bough from somewhere else. The geographical environment is very important. The other nectars hargested by honey bees, which are present in the strawberry tree honey, will influence the taste a lot. The color, too.

In cooking:

buy strawberry tree honey
Awarded a coveted Two-Star Prize in the Great Taste Awards 2017 available on therawhoneyshop.com.

It complements cardoons, artichokes and all kinds of bitter vegetables and makes a contrast with seasoned cheeses, “pecorino” cheese in particular and full fat fresh and sweet cheeses like mascarpone. It goes with coffee or purifying herbal teas made from roots or barks.

References:

Main European monofloral honeys: descriptive sheets by Livia PERSANO ODDO et al., 2004, Italy, Apidologie 35 (2004) S38–S81

Conapi.it

https://www.natureword.com/tag/strawberry-tree-honey-health-benefits/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus_unedo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus

Physicochemical Parameters and Bioactive Compounds of Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Honey

Homogentisic acid: a phenolic acid as a marker of strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo) honey.

Floral markers of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey.

https://www.zingermans.com/Product.aspx?ProductID=P-ABB

Strawberry-Tree Honey Induces Growth Inhibition of Human Colon Cancer Cells and Increases ROS Generation: A Comparison with Manuka Honey.

Laura Bujor

Laura Bujor is the author and founder of HealthyWithHoney.com. She built this website as a personal journey to discover the power of honey and share it with the world. She learned directly from beekeepers and took a course in apitherapy. From a hobby, honey and apitherapy turned into a professional career. You can find her on LinkedIn, Facebook, Pinterest and X.

View all posts by Laura Bujor →

3 thoughts on “What is strawberry tree honey?

  1. The nectar contains an isoprenoid called unedone which has antimicrobial activity against an important bumblebee parasite called crithidia so it is effectively a “natural medicine” for bumble bees – read more here in our recent paper on the topic https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0162 I doubt this compound contributes to the bitter taste but may explain some of the reported health benefits.

    1. Thank you for telling us about the paper. Too bad the tree is not found more often, it would have helped all bumblebees and perhaps other insects as well.

  2. Hey Laura! I’ve been eating strawberry three honey every morning during the last month because a friend of mine told me about all its incredible proprieties! It is simply amazing! I can already see my blood circulation improving. You’re definitely right, it has more antioxidants than most types, including Manuka honey. Its high quality is due to the fact that the bees and the blossoms need particular conditions during November in order to produce this honey. I simply love it!

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